Checksum is used for verifying the integrity of the data. Suppose some file is being copied over a network or over a system and due to some event like network connection loss or sudden reboot of machine the data did not get copied completely.
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Now, how would you verify the integrity of data? Well, its through the CRC checksum mechanism the data integrity can be verified. There are various mechanisms through which a CRC checksum can be calculated. For example in one of our articles (IP header check sum) we discussed how to find the checksum of an IP header. In this article, we will focus on the Linux ‘cksum’ command which is used to calculate the check sum of files or the data provided on standard input.
What is CRC?
CRC stands for cyclic redundancy check.
Checksum can be calculated by applying cyclic redundancy check (CRC) mechanism over the data that is being communicated. Each block of data that is traveling the communication channel is attached with a CRC code or checksum and when the data block reaches the destination, this check is applied again to generate a checksum value. If the checksum generated at the destination and the checksum value in the data block are same then data is believed to be non-corrupted and can be used further but if the two checksum values are not same then in that case data is said to be corrupted or infected.
The name CRC is because:
- This mechanism is based on the fundamentals of cyclic codes (hence cyclic).
- The code attached with the data as checksum is redundant ie it adds no value to the data being transferred (hence redundancy).
- Its a check (hence check)
The cksum command
The cksum command is used for computing the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for each file provided to it as argument. CRC becomes important in situations where data integrity needs to be verified. Using the cksum command, one can compare the checksum of destination file with that of the source file to conclude that whether the data transfer was successful or not.
Besides providing the CRC value, this command also produces the file size and file name in the output. The command exits with status zero in case of success and any other status value indicates failure.
One can get a detailed information on this command by typing the following on the command prompt :
cksum command examples
1. A basic example
On a very basic level, the cksum command can be used to display the checksum for a file.
The first value (big number) in the output above is the checksum for the file, then we have the size of the file and finally the name of the file.
2. Checksum changes with change in content
The test file ‘testfile.txt’ has following contents:
To calculate the checksum of the test file, pass it as argument to the cksum command :
Now, Modify the contents of file :
Again pass the test file as argument to cksum command :
So we see that with change in contents, the checksum changes.
3. Change in content does not always mean increase or decrease in size
Well the above is true fundamentally also and even for chksum too. Lets see what it means :
Check the contents of the test file ‘testfile.txt’ :
Note the checksum :
Now, change the content by not actually adding or deleting something but by replacing one character with other so that size of the file remains same.
So as you can see, I replaced ‘o’ with ‘u’.
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Compare the checksum now:
So we see that the checksum changed even if the change was of one character replaced by other.
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4. An interrupted copy
Suppose you are copying a zipped folder containing various sub-folders and files from one location to another and due to any reason whatsoever the copy process got interrupted, so how would you check whether everything was copied successfully or not? Well, cksum makes it possible as now we know that in case of the partial copy, the overall checksum of the destination would differ from that of the source folder.
You can simulate this scenario in the following way:
I created Linux.tar.gz and Linux_1.tar.gz from the same ‘Linux’ folder. The difference being that Linux_1.tar.gz was made when ‘Linux’ folder contained an extra text file.
So the above scenario simulates when Linux_1.tar.gz was being copied but got interrupted when just one text file was left to be copied in the target Linux.tar.gz
Now when I compare the checksum of both these files, I see
So the above output shows different checksum values suggesting incorrect copy of file.
5. Checksum of standard output
This command provides a feature where-in the user can type just ‘cksum’ or ‘cksum-‘ and write on stdin and then press Ctrl+D couple of times. This way cksum gives the checksum of the data entered at the input.
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In the example above, we actually calculated the checksum of the string “Lets check the checksum”.